Relative Discharge Stage (RDS) Classification: A Practical Indicator of Battery Discharge Progress

Abstract

This work introduces Relative Discharge Stage classification, a practical five-class indicator of remaining battery discharge condition: Normal, Good, Moderate, Low, and Recharge Required. The approach combines state-of-charge estimation, physics-informed battery modeling, temperature and voltage correction, and lightweight temporal convolutional learning. It provides a useful progress indicator without relying on future load information and shows reliable classification across varying load and thermal conditions.

@article{tran2026rds,
  title={Relative Discharge Stage (RDS) Classification: A Practical Indicator of Battery Discharge Progress},
  author={Tran, Khoa and Le, Tri and Trinh, Hung-Cuong and Tran-Nam, Hung},
  journal={SSRN},
  year={2026},
  doi={10.2139/ssrn.7291022}
}